Saussure
Sign - a sign is
something that can be interpreted as having a meaning, which is something other
than itself, and which is therefore able to communicate information to the one
interpreting or decoding the sign. According to Ferdinand de Saussure the sign
relation is dyadic, consisting only of a form of the sign (the signifier) and
its meaning (the signified). Saussure saw this relation as being essentially
arbitrary motivated only by social convention. Saussure's theory has been
particularly influential in the study of linguistic signs.
Grice
Politeness-
The maxim of quantity, where one tries to be as informative
as one possibly can, and gives as much information as is needed, and no more.
The maxim of quality, where one tries to be truthful, and
does not give information that is false or that is not supported by evidence.
The maxim of relation, where one tries to be relevant, and
says things that are pertinent to the discussion.
The maxim of manner, when one tries to be as clear, as
brief, and as orderly as one can in what one says, and where one avoids
obscurity and ambiguity.
Goffman
Face- Face is the
public self-image that every adult tries to protect. Erving Goffman wrote about
face in conjunction with how people interact in daily life. He claims that
everyone is concerned, to some extent, with how others perceive them. We act
socially, striving to maintain the identity we create for others to see. This
identity, or public self-image, is what we project when we interact socially.
To lose face is to publicly suffer a diminished self-image. Maintaining face is
accomplished by taking a line while interacting socially. A line is what the
person says and does during that interaction showing how the person understands
the situation at hand and the person's evaluation of the others he or she
interacts with. Social interaction is a process combining line and face, or
face work.
Positive face is
the desire to be liked, appreciated, approved, etc.
Negative face is
the desire not to be imposed upon, intruded, or otherwise put upon.
